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Robert Summers (June 22, 1922 – April 17, 2012) was a U.S. economist and professor, University of Pennsylvania, where he taught from 1960. A widely cited early work by Summers is on the small-sample statistical properties of alternate regression estimators where analytical measures are unavailable. Summers received his Ph.D. from Stanford University. Summers was part of a team at Penn that developed estimates of national income and output across countries which adjust GDP and components for purchasing power parity in the cost of goods and services among different countries〔Irving B. Kravis, Alan W. Heston, and Robert Summers (1978). "Real GDP Per Capita for More Than One Hundred Countries," ''Economic Journal'', 88(350), p (p. 215 )-242.〕〔Robert Summers and Alan Heston (1991). "The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988," ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', 106(2), p (p. 327 )-368.〕 later termed the Penn World Table. This yielded large, systematic differences from the common method of using only international exchange rates to convert national products to a common currency. For that work, Summers and Alan Heston were recognized as American Economic Association Distinguished Fellows for (1998. ) Prior to joining the faculty of UPenn Summers was on the faculty at Yale University.〔Richard Bradley. ''Harvard Rules: The Struggle for the Soul of the World's Most Powerful University''. p. 4〕 Summers was married to Anita Summers. They are the parents of Lawrence Summers. His brother is Paul Samuelson. All three of these people were also noted economists, as is his wife's brother Kenneth Arrow. ==See also== * Penn effect 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Robert Summers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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